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The intelligentsia ((ラテン語:intellegentia), (ポーランド語:inteligencja), ) is a social class of people engaged in complex mental labour aimed at guiding or critiquing, or otherwise playing a leadership role in shaping a society's culture and politics.〔("Intelligentsia" ) in Merriam-Webster Online〕 This therefore might include everyone from artists to school teachers, as well as academics, writers, journalists, and other ''hommes de lettres'' (men of letters) more usually thought of as being the main constituents of the intelligentsia. Intelligentsia is the subject of active polemics concerning its own role in the development of modern society not always positive historically, often contributing to higher degree of progress, but also to its backward movement. In a social sense, the stratum of intelligentsia arose first in Russian-controlled Poland during the age of Partitions. The term was borrowed from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in around the 1840s, to describe the educated and professionally active segment of patriotic bourgeoisie able to become the spiritual leaders of the country ruled by a foreign power in an authoritarian way. Deprived of socio-political influence in the form of enterprises or any "effective levers of economic development", the educated intelligentsia became a characteristic indicator of the East-European cultural periphery unlike the German ''Bildungsbürgertum'' or the British ''professions'' for whom leading societal roles were available.〔 In pre-revolutionary Russia the term was first used to describe people possessing cultural and political initiative.〔Oxford English Dictionary, ()〕 It was commonly used by those individuals themselves to create an apparent distance from the masses, and generally retained that narrow self-definition. More recently the term mass intelligentsia has been popularized to describe the intellectual effect of tertiary education upon a population. ==History of the notion== The emergence of intelligentsia preceded the term 'intelligentsia' as proposed by the Polish Romantics.〔 It was associated with the development of cities, the mass spread of printing and the construction of tenement houses available for rental occupancy in the urban core. That's where the embryonic intelligentsia: journalists, teachers, civil servants, could find an apartment outside traditional class divisions.〔 In the opinion of historian Maciej Janowski (''The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750-1831'') the new intelligentsia became "servants" to the modern state in the degree that the state they served, i.e. the partitioned Poland became increasingly backward and repressive. In the Polish language the term 'inteligencja' was popularised in a meaning close to the present one by the Polish philosopher Karol Libelt, and became widespread in Polish science after the publication of his ''O miłości ojczyzny'' (''On Love of the Fatherland'') in 1844. In this publication he defined "inteligencja" as well-educated members of the society who undertake to lead others in a moral capacity as scholars, teachers, clergy, engineers, etc., and ''who guide for the reason of their higher enlightenment''. The term was also popularised by a Russian writer, Pyotr Boborykin, in the 1860s, who proclaimed himself the "godfather" of the notion.〔С. В. Мотин. ''(О понятии «интеллигенция» в творчестве И. С. Аксакова и П. Д. Боборыкина )''. Известия Пензенского государственного педагогического университета им. В.Г. Белинского, 27, 2012 (in Russian)〕〔Пётр Боборыкин. ''Русская интеллигенция''. Русская мысль, 1904, № 12 (in Russian)〕〔Пётр Боборыкин. ''(Подгнившие "Вехи" )''. Сб. статей ''В защиту интеллигенции''. Москва, 1909, с. 119-138; первоначально опубл. в газете "Русское слово", No 111, 17 (30) мая, 1909 (in Russian)〕 He claimed that he borrowed the term from German culture, where the term ''Intelligenz'' denoted the social strata of people engaged in intellectual occupations, however he insisted on a special meaning of the Russia term, which had an additional implication of high intellectual culture.〔〔 From there it came into English and several other languages. In English this word is often applied to the "intelligentsia" in Central European (like Poland) and Eastern European countries (like Russia) in the 19th and 20th centuries. A narrower term 'intellectuals', according to Pierre Bourdieu, can be applied to those members of intelligentsia who not only work using their intellect, but also create cultural wealth. The emergence of elite classes of intellectuals or well-educated people had been observed in other European countries (e.g., ''intellectuels'' in France and ''Gebildete'' in Germany) as well. From signs of intelligentsia by Dr. Vitaly Tepikin:〔Tepikin, V. (2006). ''Culture and intelligentsia''. Ivanovo: Ivanovo University〕 * advanced for its time moral ideals, sensitiveness to fellow creature, tact in manifestations; * active brain work and persistent self-education; * patriotism, which is based on faith in its own people and whole-hearted, inexhaustible love to little and big Motherland; * creative activity as a crucial part of intelligentsia lifestyle (this applies not only to artists, as many can consider, but also to scientists and engineers - ranging from creative approach to their main occupation to recreational culture, various hobbies and self-improvement practices, like sport and hiking); * independence, aspiration to freedom of self-expression and finding of themselves in it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intelligentsia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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